Is Sweet Marjoram Or Thyme Better For Nerve Repair
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2022 Jan; 22(one): 175–185.
Sweet Marjoram
A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities
Fatemeh Bina
iDepartment of Traditional Pharmacy, Schoolhouse of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Roja Rahimi
1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Received 2022 Jan 8; Revised 2022 Mar nineteen; Accepted 2022 Apr 24.
Abstract
Origanum majorana L. commonly known as sugariness marjoram has been used for diversity of diseases in traditional and folklore medicines, including gastrointestinal, ocular, nasopharyngeal, respiratory, cardiac, rheumatologic, and neurological disorders. Essential oil containing monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes every bit well equally phenolic compounds are chemical constituents isolated and detected in O majorana. Broad range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-platelet, gastroprotective, antibacterial and antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiatherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antitumor, antiulcer, and anticholinesterase inhibitory activities have been reported from this plant in modernistic medicine. This article summarizes comprehensive information concerning traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of sweet marjoram.
Keywords: Origanum majorana, traditional medicine, pharmacology, phytochemical constituent, Majorana hortensis
Origanum majorana 50. from the family Lamiaceae (syn. Majorana hortensis Moench) is commonly known every bit sweet marjoram. This herb is native to Mediterranean region and cultivated in many countries of Asia, N Africa, and Europe, for example, Kingdom of spain, Hungary, Portugal, Germany, Egypt, Poland, and France. Origanum majorana grows upwardly to 30 to 60 cm. It is a perennial bushy institute. Information technology has oblique rhizome, hairy shrub like stalks, contrary dark green oval leaves and white or blood-red flowers in clustered bracts. The leaves are whole, larger ones beingness fragmented, oblate to broadly elliptical.one–3 This plant is widely used equally a garnish and is used for different medicinal purposes in traditional and folklore medicine of different countries. Various compounds have been identified in sweet marjoram. Likewise, different pharmacological activities have been attributed to this found. The nowadays review summarizes comprehensive information apropos traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of sweet marjoram. For this purpose, databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched for studies focusing on the ethnomedicinal utilise, phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of sweet marjoram. Information were collected from 1980 to 2022 (up to July). The search terms were "sweet marjoram" or "Origanum majorana."
Ethnomedicinal Uses
Ethnomedicinal uses of sweet marjoram in unlike countries are shown in Table 1. The parts of sweet marjoram that are used in folklore medicine are stale leaves, leaves extract, and essential oil. Origanum majorana leaves have been claimed to have antimicrobial and emmenagogue properties and be useful for treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal issues.1, 4,v It has been used in Morocco every bit an antihypertensive plant.8 The essential oil of the plant has been used for pains, gastrointestinal problems, and respiratory tract disorders.6,eight–11
Tabular array 1.
Ethnomedicinal Uses of Origanum Majorana.
| Region | Found Office Used | Traditional Uses |
|---|---|---|
| Iran4,5 | Leaves | Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antidote, carminative, antitussive and used for gastrointestinal disorder, caput cool, sniffle, vision performance, otitis, melancholia accompanied past flatulence, unilateral facial paralysis, headache, epilepsy, cataract, weakness of sight, ear pain, dyspnea, cardiac pain, dysrhythmia, balk, obstacle of large intestine, emmenagogue, strangury, dropsy, spondilolysthesis, groin hurting, dorsum hurting, fatigue, freckle, migraine |
| Azerbaijan6 | Essential oil | Flatulence, nervousness, diuretic, sedative |
| Englandi | Leaves | Cold, bronchial coughs, asthmatic whooping |
| Egypti | Leaves | Cold, chill |
| India11 | Essential oil | Toothache, soothe joints, muscular pain |
| Austriaseven | Leaves | Gastrointestinal tract diseases, infections |
| Turkey8 | Essential oil | Asthma, indigestion, headache, rheumatism |
| Morocco9 | Leaves | Hypertension |
Phytochemical Constituents
Table 2 shows the structure and phytochemical category of compounds isolated from different parts of sweet marjoram.
Tabular array 2.
Phytochemical Constituents of Origanum majorana.
| Compound | Chemical Category | Part/Extract |
|---|---|---|
| α-Pinene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oiltwo,13 |
| β-Pinene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2,13 |
| ρ-Cymene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2,xiv |
| Camphene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil13 |
| α-Phellandrene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2 |
| β-Phellandrene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2 |
| γ-Terpinene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oilxiv–16 |
| d-Limonene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil13 |
| α-Terpinene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2,3,15,16 |
| Terpinolene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oilii |
| β-Myrcene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2 |
| 2-Carene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| β-Ocimene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Sabinene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil1,16,17 |
| α-Thujene | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil2 |
| Carvone | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oiltwo,13 |
| Citronellol | Monoterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil13 |
| Terpinen-four-ol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil14–16,19 / Leafxviii |
| cis-Sabinene hydrate | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil10,14,15 |
| trans-Sabinene hydrate | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil15,16 |
| Linalool | Oxygenated monoterpene | Leafage18 / Essential oil1,xiii |
| Thymol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oilx,13,19 |
| α-Terpineol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oilone–3,thirteen,15 |
| Linalyl acetate | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil2,15 |
| Carvacrol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil10,13 |
| ane,8-Cineol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| Fenchyl alcohol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| Piperitol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| trans-Carveol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| cis-Carveol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| Anethole | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| Geraniol | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil13 |
| α-Terpinyl acetate | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil2 |
| Geranyl acetate | Oxygenated monoterpene | Essential oil17 |
| α-Cubebene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Longicyclene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Copaene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| β-Longipinene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| β-Caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Aromadendrene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| α-Humulene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| β-Farnesene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Alloaromadendrene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| α-Selinene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| ar-Curcumene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Germacrene D | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Valencene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| α-Muurolene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| α-Farnesene | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon | Essential oil17 |
| Spathulenol | Sesquiterpene alcohol | Essential oilii |
| Caryophyllene oxide | Oxygenated sesquiterpene | Essential oilii,17 |
| Carnosic acrid | Diterpenoid | Water extract20 |
| Carnosol | Diterpenoid | Water extract20 |
| Ursolic acid | Triterpenoid | Water extractxx |
| Sinapic acid | Phenolic acrid | Essential oil1 |
| Vanillic acid | Phenolic acrid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 / Essential oil1 |
| Ferulic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 / Essential oil1 |
| Caffeic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 / Essential oili,22 |
| Syringic acid | Phenolic acrid | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 / Essential oili |
| ρ-Hydroxybenzoic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 / Essential oil1 |
| m-Hydroxybenzoic acrid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Coumarinic acrid | Phenolic acrid | Essential oilone |
| Gallic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 |
| Neochlorogenic acid | Phenolic acrid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Protocatechuic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Caftaric acrid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 |
| Rosmarinic acrid | Phenolic acrid | Ethyl acetate extract8 / Essential oil22 |
| Chlorogenic acid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Cryptochlorogenic acrid | Phenolic acid | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 |
| Coumaric acid | Phenolic acrid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Lithospermic acid | Phenolic acrid | Water excerpt23 |
| Methyl rosmarinate | Phenolic compound | Hydrophilic extract24 |
| Hydroquinone | Phenolic compound | Ethyl acetate extract8 / Essential oilten |
| Arbutin | Phenolic glycosides | Ethyl acetate extract8 / Essential oilx,25 |
| Methyl arbutin | Phenolic glycoside | Essential oilten |
| Vitexin | Phenolic glycoside | Essential oil10 |
| Orientinthymonin | Phenolic glycoside | Essential oil10 |
| Hesperetin | Flavonoid | Ethyl acetate extract8 |
| Catechin | Flavonoid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Quercetin | Flavonoid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Kaempferol | Flavonoid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Naringenine | Flavonoid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Eriodictyol | Flavonoid | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Diosmetin | Flavonoid | Essential oil10 |
| Luteolin | Flavonoid | Essential oil10 |
| Apigenin | Flavonoid | Essential oilx |
| 5,six,three′-Trihydroxy-vii,8,4′-trimethoxyflavone | Flavonoid | Ethyl acetate extract8 |
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | Flavonoid glycoside | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Quercetin-iii-O-glucoside | Flavonoid glycoside | Hydroalcoholic extract21 |
| Narigenin-O-hexoside | Flavonoid glycoside | Hydroalcoholic excerpt21 |
| Apigenin-glucuronide | Flavonoid glycoside | Water extract23 |
| Rutin | Flavonoid glycoside | Hydroalcoholic extract26 |
| Luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronide | Flavonoid glycoside | Hydrophilic excerpt24 |
| Eugenol | Phenyl propene | Essential oil13 |
| Ethyl cinnamate | Ester | Essential oil13 |
| Sitosterol | Phytosterol | Essential oilten |
| Oleanolic acrid | Fatty acid | Essential oilx |
| Vitamin A | Vitamin | Essential oil1 |
| Vitamin C | Vitamin | Essential oil1 |
Essential Oil
Monoterpene hydrocarbons, including α and β-pinene, camphene, sabinene, α- and β- phellandrene, ρ-cymene, limonene, β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, α-terpinene, carvone, and citronellol accept been detected in essential oil of O majorana.2,13,xiv Terpinene 4-ol and cis-sabinene hydrate are two main oxygenated monoterpenes isolated from O majorana.14,15 Linalool, linalyl acetate, α-terpineol, trans- and cis-carveol, thymol, anethole, geraniol, and carvacrol are other oxygenated compounds identified in essential oil and leaves18 of O majorana.13,15,17
Phenolic Compounds
Vanillic acrid, gallic acrid, ferulic acrid, caffeic acid, syringic acrid, p- and k-Hydroxybenzoic acrid, coumaric acid, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acrid, caftaric acrid are phenolic acids that accept been detected in hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of sweetness marjoram.21 Rosmarinic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acrid, caffeic acrid, syringic acrid, p- and chiliad-hydroxybenzoic acid, and coumarinic acid have been identified in essential oil of sugariness marjoram.i,22 Arbutin, methyl arbutin, vitexin, and orientinthymonin take been reported to be the most predominant phenolic glycosides in essential oil of sugariness marjoram.10 Hesperetin, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenine, eriodictyol, diosmetin, luteolin, and apigenin are the about abundant flavonoids detected in sweet marjoram10,21 and kaempferol-iii-O-glucoside, quercetin-iii-O-glucoside, narigenin-O-hexoside, and rutin are flavonoid glycosides identified in sweet marjoram.21,26,27
Pharmacological Activities
Tabular array 3 shows pharmacological properties of O majorana in detail.
Table 3.
Pharmacological Backdrop of Origanum majorana in Detail.
| Pharmacological Activity | Plant part / Excerpt | Method | Result | Active Constituent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidanttwenty | Ethanol, n-hexane, supercritical CO2 and water excerpt of herb | DPPH method and chemiluminometric method | Antioxidant activities of all extracts | Ursolic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol |
| Antioxidant19 | Essential oil | DPPH reduction exam | Low antioxidant activity with EC50 values >250μg/mL | — |
| Antioxidant17 | Essential oil | (1) DPPH assay (2) Percent inhibition in linoleic acid organisation (3) Bleaching of β-carotene | one)IC50 of 89.2 µg/ml 2) 72.viii% inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation 3)showed slow rate of color depletion | — |
| Antioxidant8 | Ethyl acetate extract and isolated compounds | DPPH | Pregnant antioxidant activities from extract and isolated compounds with IC50 of 2.77 and one.92 µg/mL, respectively | Hydroquinone |
| Antioxidant22 | Essential oil / Water excerpt | ABTS + reducing power were examined for their effect against lipid oxidation in comparing to a tea water extract by measurement of the oil stability index | Remarkable capacity in retarding lipid oxidation with oil stability alphabetize 13.nine hours | Bound forms of phenolic compounds such every bit hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids |
| Antioxidant21 | Hydroalcoholic excerpt | ABTS + radical decolorization and DPPH assay | Significant antioxidant capacity with 0.84 and 0.33 mmol TE/chiliad DW, respectively | Polyphenolic compounds |
| Antioxidant28 | Essential oil | Glutathione level and lipid peroxidation content as malondialdehyde in the testis, liver and brain in ethanol treatment male person albino rat (ethanol induced reproductive disturbances and oxidative damage in unlike organs and lipid peroxidation due to the formation of free radicals) | Co-administration of the extract resulted in minimizing the hazard effects of ethanol toxicity on male fertility, liver and brain tissues | — |
| Antioxidant16 | Essential oil | DPPH, .OH, HiiOii, reducing power and lipid peroxidation | IC50 values of 58.67, 67.xi, 91.25, 78.67, and 68.75 µg/mL, respectively | — |
| Antioxidant29 | Water excerpt | DPPH | High antioxidant chapters | Phenolic compounds |
| Antioxidant30 | Isolated metabolite | Amyloid β–induced oxidative injury in PC12 nerve cells by MTT, LDH, and trypan blue assays | ↓ Amyloid β–induced neurotoxic upshot | Ursolic acid |
| Antioxidant31 | Found extract | DPPH and ferric ion reducing antioxidant ability assays | A directly, positive, and linear relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of extract | Rosmarinic acid |
| Antimicrobial18 | Dried whole constitute/oil/leaves aqueous extract | MIC | Amend antimicrobial activity of essential oil rather than water extract; inhibition of yeast and lactic acrid bacteria by essential oil at a concentration of 5 ppm | — |
| Antimicrobial32 | Essential oil | ND | The most susceptible organisms were Beneckea natriegens, Erwinia carotovora, and Moraxella sp. and Aspergillus niger | — |
| Antimicrobial26 | northward-Hexane excerpt, aqueous ethanol, ethanolic ammonia extract | Deejay-diffusion method for bacteria and serial dilution method for protozoa | due north-Hexane extract showed the highest antibacterial activity and the ethanolic ammonia extract reduced the number of viable Pentatrichomonas hominis trophozoites by 50% at 160 µg/ml | — |
| Antimicrobial33 | Methanol extract | Filter paper deejay improvidence method | Considerable activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, and Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition 40, 28 and 42 mm, respectively | — |
| Antimicrobial17 | Essential oil | (one) Disk diffusion (2) Resazurin microtitre-plate | (1) Big zone of inhibition (16.5-27.0 mm) (2) Pocket-size MIC against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, B subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella poona, Escherichia coli (40.9-1250.3 μg/mL) | — |
| Antimicrobial15 | Essential oil | Agar diffusion method | Active against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition zone of 16, 12, 15, and 13 mm, respectively | cis-Sabinene hydrate |
| Antimicrobial19 | Essential oil | Microdilution | Inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes with MICs of 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively | — |
| Antimicrobial19 | Essential oil | Diffusion analysis | Growth inhibitory activity confronting dermatophytes | — |
| Antimicrobial34 | Methanol excerpt of leaves | Zone of inhibition | Inhibitory activity confronting Escherichia coli with 16 mm diameter zone of inhibition | — |
| Anti-inflammatory35 | Essential oil | THP-1 human macrophage cells activated by LPS or human ox-LDL, and the cytokine secretion and gene expression, in vitro | Suppression of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) and COX-ii and NFκB gene expression | Sabinene hydrate, terpineol |
| Anticancer17 | Essential oil | MTT assay | Cytotoxic effect against different cancer prison cell type, such as MCF-vii, LNCaP, NIH-3T3 with IC50 southward of 70.0, 85.3, 300.5 µg/ml respectively | — |
| Anticancer36 | Ethanol, methanol and h2o extract | MTT assay, trypan blue dye exclusion, AO/EB staining and fluorescence microscopical analysis and Deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation analysis | Significant cytotoxic activity of ethanolic excerpt on fibrosarcoma cancer cell line HT-1080 and least toxicity on normal human lymphocytes | — |
| Anticancer37 | Institute extract | Nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay on man lymphoblastic leukemia jail cell line Jurkat | ↓ Viability of cells with increase of concentration of establish extract. Induction of apoptosis through upregulation of p53 protein levels and downregulation of Bcl-2α. Stiff radical scavenging activity | — |
| Anticancer38 | Ethanol extract | (1) Matrigel invasion assays (2) Gelatin zymography assay (3) Chick embryo tumor growth assay | (one) Significant inhibition of migration and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells. Induction of homotypic aggregation of cells associated with an upwards regulation of E-cadherin protein and subtract the adhesion of cells to HUVECs and inhibition of transendothelial migration of cells through TNF-α-activated HUVECs (2) Suppression of activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (3) Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis | — |
| Anticancer8 | Ethyl acetate excerpt and isolated compounds | BrdU cell proliferation enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis and xCELLigence analysis against C6 and HeLa jail cell lines | Strong antiproliferative activities confronting C6 and HeLa cells | Hesperetin, Hydroquinone |
| Antiplatelet12 | Methanol extract of leaves | Adhesion, aggregation and protein secretion of the activated platelet to laminin-coated plates | 40% inhibition of platelet adhesion to laminin-coated wells past ethanol extract at concentration of 200 µg/mL | — |
| Antiplatelet39 | Methanol excerpt | Platelet aggregation induced by collagen; ADP, arachidonic acid and thrombin | Potent inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, arachidonic acid and thrombin | Arbutin |
| Antiulcer27 | Ethanol extract | Hypothermic restraint stress-, indomethacin-, and necrotizing agents–induced ulcers and pylorus ligated Shay rat-model | ↓ Incidence of ulcers, basal gastric secretion and acrid output. replenishment of the depleted gastric wall mucus and nonprotein sulfhydryls contents and ↓ malondialdehyde | — |
| Gastric secretory activitytwoscore | Plant extract | Acrid and pepsin secretions in normal Wistar rats | ↑ Basal acid and pepsin secretions | — |
| Cardioprotective activity41 | Leaves powder and aqueous extract | Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats | Alleviation of erythrocytosis, granulocytosis, thrombocytosis, ↓ clotting fourth dimension, ↑ relative heart weight, ↓ myocardial oxidative stress and the leakage of heart enzymes. inhibition of NO product and lipid peroxidation in center tissues | — |
| Hepatoprotective activityx | Essential oil | Pralletrin-induced oxidative stress in rats (prallethrin caused a significant subtract in the activity of SOD, True cat, and GST in liver of rats) | Depletion of serum marker enzymes and replenishment of antioxidative condition | — |
| Antiacetylcholinesterase activities16 | Essential oil | ND | IC50 value was 36.40 µg/mL | — |
| Anticholinesterase activity42 | Ethanol extract | In vitro | The Ki value was half dozen pM, and IC50 value was 7.5 nM | Ursolic acrid |
| Hormonal activity and regulation of menstrual cycle43 | H2o extract | 25 patients were received marjoram tea or a placebo tea twice daily for 1 month. Hormonal and metabolic parameters measured, including FSH, LH, progesterone, oestradiol, total testosterone, DHEA-S, fasting insulin and glucose | ↓ DHEA-Southward and fasting insulin levels | — |
Antioxidant Action
Water extract, essential oil, and ethyl acetate extract of aerial function of O majorana show meaning antioxidant activity.8,xvi,17,22,29 Antioxidant properties were too reported from other extracts of sweet marjoram, including ethanolic, north-hexane, and hydroalcoholic extracta.20 Phenolic compounds such equally hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids, ursolic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid are responsible for antioxidant activity.20,22,30,31
Antimicrobial Activity
Dried whole establish and its essential oil and water extract of leaves have demonstrated antimicrobial effect and essential oil was more active against lactic acid bacteria and yeasts than h2o extract.18 Essential oil showed inhibitory action confronting diverse pathogenic leaner and fungi, including Beneckea natriegens, Erwinia carotovera, Moraxella, Aspergillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, B subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella poona, Escherichia coli, and dermatophytes.xv,17,19,32 Methanol extract of sugariness marjoram exhibited antimicrobial activity against E, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, and Bacillus subtilis.33,34 The ethanolic ammonia extract reduced the number of viable Pentatrichomonas hominis trophozoites.26 cis-Sabinene hydrate in essential oil of sweet marjoram have been claimed to be responsible for antibacterial result.15
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Sabinene hydrate and terpineol in essential oil of sweetness marjoram suppressed the production of Tumor necrosis gene-α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 inhibited cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and NFκB gene expression.35
Anticancer and Antiproliferative Properties
Ethanol extract of establish have shown significant cytotoxicity against fibrosarcoma cancer cell line, promoting prison cell cycle abort and apoptosis of the metastatic breast cell and inhibited the migration and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells.36,38 Ethyl acetate extract have stiff antiproliferative activities against C6 and HeLa cells. Hesperetin and hydroquinone isolated from sugariness marjoram extract have revealed strong antiproliferative activity.viii
Antiplatelet Activity
Methanol extract of sugariness marjoram leaves inhibit adhesion of platelet to laminin-coated plate12 and strongly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, and thrombin. Arbutin is responsible for this activeness.39
Antiulcerogenetic Consequence
Ethanol excerpt of sweet marjoram significantly decreased the incidence of ulcers, basal gastric secretion, and acid output and replenished the depleted gastric wall mucus.27
Cardioprotective and Hepatoprotective Action
Leave pulverisation and extract significantly alleviated erythrocytosis, granulocytosis, thrombocytosis, increase eye weight, and myocardial infarction oxidative stress in isoproterenol treated albino rats.41 Essential oil of sugariness marjoram depleted serum marker enzymes and replenished antioxidant status in hepatic of rat.10
Anticholinesterase Inhibitory Activeness
Essential oil and ethanol extract of sweet marjoram have exhibited anticholinesterase inhibitory activity.16 Ursolic acid is responsible for this effect.42
Regulation of Menstrual Cycle
Sweet marjoram tea significantly reduced dehydroepiandrosterone-S (DHEA-Due south) and was useful in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.43
Toxicity
Acute toxicity test has demonstrated a big margin of safety of O majorana extract in mice. Emmenagogue properties of sweet marjoram should be concerned during pregnancy.eleven Its essential oil must not be used by lactating and pregnant women.44
Conclusion
Sweetness marjoram is a medicinal found with diverse proven pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiulcer, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antifungal activities. The flowering stems are the medicinal parts. Their constituents include 1% to ii% of an essential oil with a containing terpinenes and terpinols, plus tannins, bitter compounds, carotenes, and vitamin C. These substances give sweet marjoram stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic, and weak sedative backdrop.
In herbalism, information technology is used mainly for various gastrointestinal disorders and to assist digestion. Novel investigations showed increase in acrid and pepsin secretions by this plant. Too sweet marjoram showed antiulcer activity and mucus protecting effects in gastrointestinal tract. Ethnomedicinal use of O majorana on vaginitis and polycystic ovarian illness tin can exist related to restoration of hormonal balance and reduction of DHEA-Due south by this plant. Efficacious uses of O majorana in cardiac disease and dysrhythmia were proved which may be related to its antiplatelet and cardioprotective activities through inhibition of production of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in heart tissues. Useful effect on head cool, sniffle, ear hurting, and respiratory disorders may be related to its antimicrobial effect. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (such as α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, and γ-terpinene), oxygenated monoterpenes especially terpinene-4-ol, cis-sabinene hydrate and terpineol, phenolic compounds particularly flavonoids (such as apigenin, hesperetin, quercetin, kaempferol), and phenolic glycosides (such as arbutin) are the active components isolated and detected in O majorana. Effigy one shows the structure of some master active compounds. Diverse bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified in O majorana, whereas many active compounds responsible for ethnomedicinal uses or proved pharmacological activities accept not been completely evaluated. Therefore, new investigations are proposed to isolate, identify and obtain the O majorana active compounds in society to explore novel natural component for rectifying the stalemate on the way of mod medicine.
The construction of some main active compounds of Origanum majorana.
Footnotes
Author Contributions: RR designed the study and edited the manuscript. FB nerveless data and wrote the manuscript.
Ethical Approval: This study did not need ethical approval as no animal or homo subjects were involved.
Announcement of Conflicting Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this commodity.
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Is Sweet Marjoram Or Thyme Better For Nerve Repair,
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871212/
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